For years, Indian farmers have faced challenges that threaten their productivity and livelihoods—unpredictable weather, pest infestations, and stagnant yields. While the world moves forward with modern biotechnological solutions, many Indian farmers still grapple with outdated methods, often at the mercy of uncertain policies. A recent press conference held by the National Farmers Empowerment Initiative (NFEI) in Hyderabad brought this issue to the forefront, with farmers from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh advocating for science-backed policies that would allow them access to modern biotechnology.
They argue that biotechnology offers the tools necessary to improve yields, reduce dependency on chemical pesticides, and ensure long-term sustainability. Countries such as the United States, Brazil, and Argentina have embraced genetically modified (GM) crops, witnessing tangible benefits in agricultural productivity. Indian farmers wonder why they should be denied similar opportunities.
Lessons from Bt Cotton: A Case of Selective Acceptance
Two decades ago, India approved Bt cotton, a genetically modified variety that significantly reduced pesticide use and improved yields. Farmers mostly recall the transformation this technology brought. It allowed them to produce more cotton with fewer losses, making farming a more viable profession. Today, Bt cotton accounts for over 90% of India’s cotton cultivation and has contributed to a 50% reduction in pesticide usage in cotton fields.
Despite this success, other GM crops have not received the same acceptance, largely due to policy roadblocks and public scepticism. While Bt cotton thrives, farmers cultivating other crops, such as pulses and oilseeds, continue to struggle. India imports over 60% of its edible oil, and experts argue that approving genetically modified mustard could significantly reduce this dependency, improving domestic production and benefiting farmers.
The hesitance in approving additional GM crops is not rooted in a lack of scientific backing. Studies from around the world have demonstrated the safety and benefits of biotechnology in agriculture. Countries that have embraced these technologies have seen increased incomes for farmers, better resilience against climate challenges, and reduced pesticide use. Yet, India’s regulatory framework remains restrictive, preventing farmers from fully leveraging scientific advancements.
Global Standards and India’s Lag
Globally, biotechnology is an integral part of agriculture. The United States has approved multiple GM crops, from corn to soybeans, ensuring that farmers have access to technology that makes their work more efficient. In the U.S., GM crops account for nearly 90% of corn and soybean production, helping the country maintain its position as a global leader in agricultural exports.
Brazil and Argentina have followed suit, allowing their farmers to benefit from improved crop resilience and higher productivity. Brazil, for instance, has approved over 30 GM crops and has witnessed an increase in soybean yields over the past two decades. Meanwhile, Argentina’s soybean exports, largely driven by biotech advancements, contribute significantly to its economy.
India, despite being an agrarian economy, has been slow to adopt these advancements. While scientific consensus supports the safety of biotech crops, regulatory delays and opposition from activist groups continue to stall progress. As a result, Indian farmers are forced to compete in global markets without the same technological edge that their counterparts in other countries enjoy.
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Why Farmers Remain Cautious?
Despite the clear advantages, not all Indian farmers are eager to embrace biotechnology. The reluctance stems from several factors. Regulatory uncertainty remains a significant concern. Indian farmers have witnessed shifting policies on GM crops, leading to hesitation about long-term commitments. The lack of a clear and consistent policy framework creates confusion and discourages investment in biotech solutions.
Misinformation and public perception also play a role. Many believe that genetically modified crops are harmful, despite evidence to the contrary. Studies by organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have confirmed the safety of GM crops, but fear-driven narratives persist, affecting farmers’ willingness to adopt these technologies.
Market access and export concerns further complicate the issue. There are fears that international markets may reject GM produce, even though many countries have successfully exported biotech crops. Indian farmers who rely on exports worry about potential trade restrictions, despite the fact that major agricultural exporters such as the U.S. and Brazil continue to sell GM crops globally without issue.
Another major concern is dependence on multinational corporations. Some farmers worry about seed monopolies and losing control over traditional farming practices. The dominance of a few biotech companies in the seed market has raised questions about affordability and accessibility, making some farmers hesitant to transition to GM crops. However, experiences in other countries suggest that a well-regulated framework can ensure fair pricing and farmer-friendly policies.
Right Tools for the Right Challenges
Agriculture in India stands at a crossroads. If policymakers choose to embrace biotechnology, they can equip farmers with tools to improve yields, reduce losses, and make Indian agriculture more competitive globally. If they continue to delay, farmers will remain at a disadvantage, struggling against challenges that their counterparts in other countries have already overcome.
For biotechnology to find its rightful place in Indian agriculture, the conversation needs to shift from ideology to science. Evidence-based policymaking, coupled with farmer education and support, can pave the way for a more sustainable and productive agricultural future. With the right policies in place, India could significantly boost its agricultural output, reduce import dependency, and ensure food security for its growing population.